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Why do we choose Java?According to TIOBE Programming Community Index Java is one of the most demanded languages in the programming field.
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Also, Java has a lot of advantages for beginners such as:
It&rsquo;s fairly easy
It has a broad spectre of usage
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What does Java consist of?Java consists of multiple main components. The first one being the Java compiler. The process of converting human-readable text to machine code is called compilation.
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Also, Java has a lot of advantages for beginners such as:
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href="/courses/spring-boot/"
>Spring Boot
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href="/courses/prog-intro/"
>Introduction to Programming in Java
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href="/courses/prog-intro/lectures/"
>Lectures
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href="/courses/prog-intro/lectures/intro/"
>Lecture 1. Introduction
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href="/courses/paradigms/"
>Paradgims of Programming
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<h1 class="hx:text-center hx:mt-2 hx:text-4xl hx:font-bold hx:tracking-tight hx:text-slate-900 hx:dark:text-slate-100">Lecture 1. Introduction</h1>
<div class="hx:mb-16"></div>
<div class="content">
<h1>Why do we choose Java?</h1><p>According to <strong>TIOBE Programming Community Index</strong> Java is one of the most demanded languages in the programming field.</p>
<p>
<img src="../assets/tiobe.png" alt="TIOBE Programming Community Index" loading="lazy" />
<em>Img. 1 - TIOBE Programming Community Index</em></p>
<p>Also, Java has a lot of advantages for beginners such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>It&rsquo;s fairly easy</li>
<li>It has a broad spectre of usage
<ul>
<li>Server</li>
<li>Desktop</li>
<li>Mobile devices</li>
<li>Smart-cards</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h1>What does Java consist of?</h1><p>Java consists of multiple main components. The first one being the <strong>Java compiler</strong>. The process of converting <em>human-readable</em> text to <em>machine code</em> is called <strong>compilation</strong>.</p>
<p>
<img src="../assets/compilation-process-simplified.svg" alt="Compilation Process Simplified" loading="lazy" />
<em>Img.2 - Simplified Compilation Process</em></p>
<p>The behaviour of the Java compiler is described by the <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/"target="_blank" rel="noopener">Java Language Specification</a> or JLS.</p>
<p>Let&rsquo;s talk about compilers a little bit. For example if we will take <em>C++</em>. If we take C++ compiler for <em>x86-64</em> platform and <em>Windows</em> operating system, and launch the compiler on source code it will turn it directly into assembly code.</p>
<p>
<img src="../assets/cpp-x86-64-compilation.svg" alt="C&#43;&#43; code compilation under x86-64" loading="lazy" />
<em>Img. X &ndash; C++ code compilation process under x86-64 architecture.</em></p>
<p>But what if I want to run my program on <em>Linux</em> instead of Windows. I will need to take a different compiler under different operating system and recompile my code using a new compiler. It&rsquo;s not very convenient.</p>
<p>Java tries to protect us from that. By converting the <em>Java source code</em> into <em>Java byte code</em>. And then the <em>byte code</em> will be ran on the <em>Java virtual machine</em> which will run our program on the native processor.</p>
<p>
<img src="../assets/java-code-compilation.svg" alt="Java code compilation" loading="lazy" />
<em>Img. X &ndash; Java code compilation</em></p>
<p>This approach allows to change only <strong>JVM</strong> according to our platform (<em>x86_64, ARM, &hellip;</em>) and operating system (<em>Windows, MacOS, GNU-Linux, &hellip;</em>) while <em>byte code</em> stays the same. We can only write our code once, than compile it and run under everywhere.</p>
<p>As the motto says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Write once &ndash; <del>debug</del> run everywhere.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The third component of Java is the standart library which is included in the JVM.</p>
<p>There are multiple redactions of Java-platforms:</p>
<ul>
<li>Standart edition
<ul>
<li><em>For regular aplications</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Enterprise edition
<ul>
<li><em>For server aplications</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Micro-edition
<ul>
<li><em>For mobile aplications</em></li>
<li><em>Isn&rsquo;t in use nowadays 🪦</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Java Card
<ul>
<li><em>Sim- and smart-cards</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>There also were multiple versions of Java throughout its history.</p>
<ul>
<li>JDK 1.0 (Jan 1996)</li>
<li>J2SE 1.2 (Dec 1998)
<ul>
<li><em>Collections Framework</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>J2SE 5.0 (Sep 2004)
<ul>
<li><em>Generics</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Java SE 8 (Mar 2014)
<ul>
<li><em>Streams and Lambdas</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Java SE 9 (Sep 2017)
<ul>
<li><em>Modules</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Java SE 10 (Mar 2018)
<ul>
<li><code>var</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Java 11 (Sep 2018)
<ul>
<li><code>jshell</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Java 17 [LTS-old] (Sep 2021)
<ul>
<li><em>Previous stable version</em></li>
<li><em>Many little changes</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Java 21 [LTS] (Sep 2023)
<ul>
<li><em>Current stable version</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Java 25 (Sep 2025)
<ul>
<li><em>Next version</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Java comes in two parts: <strong>JDK - Java Development Kit</strong> and <strong>JVM - Java Virtual Machine</strong>.</p>
<p>There is also a <strong>JRE - Java Runtime Environment</strong>. For example if we want to run our code somewhere on the server we don&rsquo;t need to compile it there because we have our byte code and we just need JRE to run it.</p>
<p>Some of the most popular JVMs right now are:</p>
<ul>
<li>OpenJDK</li>
<li>Eclipse</li>
<li>Azul Systems</li>
<li>Excelsior JET</li>
</ul>
<p>The disadvantage of such system is in the connection between JVM and a native processing unit. In case of C++ compiler that we reviewed earlier the source code is compiled directly into machine-code but in case with Java it is compiled into byte-code. And so the problem is to develop such a JVM that would quickly turn our byte-code into machine-code. Anyway it takes extra time. That&rsquo;s why it mostly will be slower than direct compilation into machine-code. So ultimately while we have the advantage of compiling out code only once, we have the disadvantage of turning byte-code into machine-code slower.</p>
<p>None the less, there is a way to speed up this process which is called JIT - Just In Time compilation. How does it work? While our program is running some of the instructions or functions turns directly into processor commands.</p>
<h1>What is garbage collection?</h1><p>For example we have <code>int</code> which is represented with 4 bytes of data which is directly stored in memory.</p>
<p>
<img src="../assets/int-in-memory.svg" alt="int in memory" loading="lazy" />
<em>Img. X &ndash; <code>int</code> in memory</em></p>
<p>But what if we have a <code>String</code>. How many memory cells does this string take? We don&rsquo;t know. We will say that our <code>String</code> that has length of 5 symbols is stored at <code>0x12347865</code>. We defined an address where this string is located in memory. And somewhere in the memory of our programm will be a large buffer where the 5 cells will be stored.</p>
<p>
<img src="../assets/string-in-memory.svg" alt="String in memory" loading="lazy" />
<em>Img. X &ndash; <code>String</code> in memory</em></p>
<p>But what do we do with that buffer? We won&rsquo;t need it forever and so sometimes we need to clear that buffer. In case with C/C++ whoever created the memory for that string is in charge of clearing it. There are also languages with garbage collection such as Java and Python. The purpose of the <strong>Garbage Collector</strong> is to automatically find variables that we no longer need and clear their memory.</p>
<p>Suppose we have some code like this.</p>
<div class="hextra-code-block hx:relative hx:mt-6 hx:first:mt-0 hx:group/code">
<div><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> (someCondition) {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> x <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#f92672">[</span>1, 3, 7<span style="color:#f92672">]</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// first link </span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// some code here </span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> y <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> x <span style="color:#75715e">// second link </span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e">// some code here </span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>} <span style="color:#f92672">//</span> no links</span></span></code></pre></div></div><div class="hextra-code-copy-btn-container hx:opacity-0 hx:transition hx:group-hover/code:opacity-100 hx:flex hx:gap-1 hx:absolute hx:m-[11px] hx:right-0 hx:top-0">
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<p>After the <code>if</code>-statement we no longer need <code>x</code> or <code>y</code>. Every variable in this case <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> is the link to our array (<code>[1, 3, 7]</code>). After we left the <code>if</code>-statement the amount of links to the array is zero, so we can safely delete the array. This approach is implemented in Python. The problem is that if we have to objects linked to one another and there are no external links, they will not be deleted by garbage collector since there link counter is 1.</p>
<p>
<img src="../assets/edge-case-for-link-counting.svg" alt="Edge case for link couting" loading="lazy" />
<em>Img. X &ndash; Edge case for link counting</em></p>
<p>The advanced way of implementing the garbage collection is <em>traversing the graph of links</em> which is implemented in Java, C# and Go.</p>
<h1>What other advantages does Java have?</h1><ul>
<li>It&rsquo;s easy (in terms of syntax)</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s secure and stable</li>
<li>It supports Unicode</li>
<li>It supports multithreading</li>
<li>It has backwards compatibility</li>
</ul>
<h1>How should Java code look like?</h1><p>You can go and learn about it <a href="https://google.github.io/styleguide/javaguide.html"target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p>
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